Trastuzumab ( Herceptin ) -research And Development

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)-Research and Development Introduction Cancer is the uncontrollable division and growth of abnormal cells resulting in formation of an aggressive tumour. In some forms of Breast cancer, the cells proliferate uncontrollably due to over-expression of the protein HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2); a receptor embedded within the membrane of cells, allowing for the transfer of signals outside to inside the cell. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody administered through intravenous infusion, to be taken on its own or in combination with one or more chemotherapy regimens. It reduces risk of the cancer reoccurring or spreading by inhibiting the effects of HER2, and enhancing the body’s immune system. Breast cancer through history Breast cancer has been acknowledged for centuries, with records dating as far back as the ancient Egyptians, over 3500 years ago (1). However diagnosis, research and progress throughout history have been slow due to it being a matter of taboo and humiliation. In 1957 the idea of surgically removing the tumours was suggested by Henri Le Dran, introducing mastectomy to the 20th century; the first scientific step in acting against cancer. Radical mastectomy lengthened survival, however was often declined due to the disfigurement left behind. To overcome this, Bernard Fisher published results from ‘breast conserving’ surgery accompanied by radiation or chemotherapy, which were ‘just as effective’ as a radical mastectomy (1).Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Herceptin On Cancer Models And Patients With Her2 + Breast Cancer1735 Words   |  7 PagesHerceptin (trastuzumab) is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody, which is specifically designed to target HER2 (human epid ermal growth factor 2) receptors found on breast cells( Tan, 2010) . HER2 is a receptor protein that is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and is over expressed in approximately 10-20% of breast cancers that have amplification of the HER2 gene (Jatoi, et al., 2010). Herceptin has been found to selectively apply anti-tumor effects in cancer models and patientsRead MoreCompare and Contrast Tumor Suppressor Genes and Proto-Oncogenes1341 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Discuss an example of how recent advances in our understanding of these genes have led to the development of a novel therapy that is being used in the treatment of human cancer. Cancer known in medicine as a malignant neoplasm is one of the biggest killers worldwide. In 2007, cancer caused roughly 13% (7.9 million) of the planet’s deaths (Jemal, 2011). This will more greatly affect an aging society such as ours in years to come, andRead MoreRole Of Cancer As A Genetic Disease2893 Words   |  12 PagesCase Study: BIOT 635 Prahelika Reddy ROLE OF ONCOGENES IN CANCER RESEARCH 1. Introduction The idea that development of cancer as a genetic disease was first postulated by Cavenee et al and developed by Fearon and Vogelstein. According to COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) database, the current list of known somatic genetic mutations leading to cancer is 522. Genes which undergo mutations leading to cancer can be classified into two groups - Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor genesRead MoreCancer Is The Uncontrolled Growth Of Cells, And Is A Major Cause Of Death Throughout The World964 Words   |  4 PagesCancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells, and is a major cause of death throughout the world. The development of cancer chemotherapeutics began in the 1940s [Shewach, D. and Kuchta, R, 2009] and very early drugs were based on nitrogen mustards, agents similar to mustard gas. Sulphur mustard gas was used as chemical warfare in World War I (WWI), and this led to new approaches for cancer therapeutics. These traditional chemotherapeutic compounds however , can attack cell division in a cancerous, asRead MoreThe Impact Of Traditional Chemotherapeutic Agents On Patients2189 Words   |  9 Pagesabnormality involved the exchange of genetic information between ABL gene on chromosome 9 and BCR gene on chromosome 22. What was remarkable about this was that 95% of patients with CML had this chromosomal abnormality (ROWLEY, 1973). Subsequent research showed that in a CML cancer cell, the fusion protein BRC-ABL functions as a constitutively activated intracellular tyrosine kinase that binds to ATP and transfers a phosphate group to its target substrate protein. The target substrate protein thenRead MoreEssay on New Treatments for Breast Cancer1923 Words   |  8 Pagesof breast cancer in the family are also at greater risk. About five percent of all breast cancers have been attributed to a mutated, or structurally altered, gene known as BRCA1. Mutations in a second gene, BRCA2, contribute significantly to the development of breast cancer in Jewish women. Alcohol, high levels of fat in the diet, and not exercising regularly have also been linked to increased risk for breast cancer (Garber). Three-quarters of all breast cancer patients are not in any of theRead MoreBreast Cancer Treatment1620 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped to attend to their specific needs. New research and development in the area of breast cancer allow Americans several treatment options instead of the outdated surgery method. Breast cancer treatment gives some options to choose: â€Å"Treatment options for recurrent breast cancer: 1. Surgery (radical or modified radical mastectomy, radiation therapy, or both. 2. Systematic chemotherapy or hormone therapy. 3. A clinical trial of trastuzumab (Herceptin) combined with systemic chemotherapy†(Natl.Read MoreEssay On Breast Cancer1547 Words   |  7 Pagesvisible tumour bulk followed by chemo- and radio- therapy targeting distant spread. Breast cancer is often hormone dependant, that is, homrones encourage growth so hormonal therapy is also available, depending on oestrogen (ER) progesterone (PR) and herceptin (HER) receptor status (Hortobagyi, 2005). If on biopsy, the tumour is negative for HER-2, ER and PR, then it is called triple negative breast cancer (TNBR). The lack of these receptors makes hormone therapies ineffective, leaving surgery and chemotherapyRead MoreMonoclonal Antibody ( Magic Bullets ) : A Promising Treatment For Cancer1659 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesdesign (CADD) is an exciting and diverse discipline where various aspects of applied and basic research merge and stimulate each other. In the early stage of a drug discovery process, researchers may be faced with little or no structure activity relationship (SAR) information. The process by which a new drug is brought to market stage is referred to by a number of names most commonly as the development chain or â€Å"pipeline† and consists of a number of distinct stages. To design a rational drug, weRead MoreBenefits of Immunotherapy from Advances in Immunology and Recombinant Dna Technology3196 Words   |  13 Pagespast 25years have also used unmodified monoclonal antibodies and antibodies armed with toxins or radionuclides. Advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular immunological mechanisms and recombinant DNA technology have led to the development of new immunotherapic therapies for disease conditions. Immunology basically involves understanding the immune system and how it responds to various disease conditions. the immune system consists of a number of components. Traditionally, it is

Self-Hatred - 1963 Words

Self-Hatred â€Å"If you had a person in your life treating you the way you treat yourself, you would have gotten rid of them a long time ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  states Cheri Huber. Self-hatred is one of the most detrimental emotions one can harbor. It is defined as a great and overwhelming dislike and aversion to oneself. Once one starts to accept those feelings, they are headed down a dark path. One way that they are pushed even further down that path is when it is verbally secured by another person, causing the hating person to feel even worse. This is similarly mixed with the emotion of self-anger, but it is very different. Anger is an emotion defined as a feeling of displeasure. Self-hatred is so much more than that. It affects our brain permanently; while†¦show more content†¦The result of this experimenting can be permanent brain damage or even extreme blood loss, affecting not only the heart, but other major organs as well. Healthy body is key in the recovery of a sick person. Once t hey have decided that their personal health is not worth maintaining, they have decided that they are beyond saving, or that they don’t care enough about their body because they are not worth it. This is when one enters the mindset of a suicidal being. Suicide can be defined as the intentional taking of one’s life. This is when the person has gone beyond help and is not able to even listen to reason. When the person in question has started having suicidal thoughts, they will not cease experimental methods until something they wish be done is accomplished. â€Å"I wanted to kill the â€Å"me† underneath. That fact haunted my days and nights. When you realize you hate yourself so much, when you realize that you cannot stand who you are, and this deep spite has been the motivation behind your behavior for many years, your brain can’t quite deal with it. It will try very hard to avoid that realization; it will try, in a last-ditch effort to keep your remaining parts alive, to remake the rest of you. This is, I believe, different from the suicidal wish of those who are in so much pain that death feels like relief, different from the suicide I would later attempt, trying to escape that pain. This is a wish to murder yourself; theShow MoreRelated The Self-hatred of Kochan in Confessions of a Mask Essay718 Words   |  3 Pages The Self-hatred of Kochan in Confessions of a Mask In his semi-autobiographical novel, Confessions of a Mask, Yukio Mishima examines the struggle for acceptance by a man living outside of the socially accepted norms. A motif that strongly pervades this novel is death and the images of blood associated with it. Kochan, a Japanese adolescent living in post-war Japan, struggles with his homosexuality and his desire to be normal. In order to survive, he must hide behind a mask of propriety. AtRead MoreLoneliness And Self Hatred, By Abraham J. Twerski924 Words   |  4 PagesDue to these feelings of helplessness and self-hatred makes a victim of trauma more prone to escape. Abraham J. Twerski, author about chemical dependencies, states in his book that the victim desires to feel better and turns to substances to â€Å"anesthetize the pain and allow this person to feel part of the ‘normal world.’† (340). Victoria states in her interview, â€Å"I cannot explain the amount of torment I went through from 15 to 17 years old. My moods were so unpredictable, I felt so angry and I couldRead MoreJames Baldwins Notes of a Native Son Essay example1027 Words   |  5 Pagesdepiction of his relationship with his father while he was alive is full of loathing and detest for him and his ideologies, but as he matures, he discovers his father in himself. His fathers hatred in relation to the white American society had filled him with hatred towards his father. He re alizes that the hatred inside both of them has disrupted their lives. Baldwins mind seems to be saturated with anger towards his father; there is a cluster of gloomy and heartbreaking memories of his father inRead MoreMy Manifesto By Dr. Martin Luther King799 Words   |  4 Pagesworld would be a world where forgiveness is not resisted. I envision a world where forgiveness is a course of action that is taken to resolve many problems. In life, many individuals have genuine hatred and anger toward others who have done them wrong. In life, many individuals are allowing this hatred and anger to cause additional problems. This can all be prevented if we allow ourselves to forgive. Dr. Martin Luther King once said â€Å"We must develop and maintain the capacity to forgive. He who isRead MoreForgiveness, And The Bud Of Defeat Blossoms Into Redemption1178 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the beginning were to always forgive, and that it is always an option. Forgiveness can help, but is it always possible? The goal on this exhibition of forgiveness is to explore self-absolution, the relationship between forgiveness and anger, and break the limits on what’s truly unforgivable. Releasing hatred is an effect of forgiving others. Forgiveness â€Å"leads to decreased stress,† which can â€Å"help to tamp down the anger,† (Chan, 2014). It relieves fears and diminishes anxiety. It is theRead MoreSelf-Hatred and the Aesthetics of Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1287 Words   |  6 PagesSelf-Hatred and the Aesthetics of Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Topic: Discuss the issues of self-hatred and the aesthetics of beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. What role do they play in the novel and how do they relate to its theme? Self-hatred leads to self-destruction†¦ Self-hatred is something that can thoroughly destroy an individual. As it was fictitiously evidenced in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, it can lead an individual to insanity. Toni Morrison raisesRead MoreThe Denotation Of The Term Hatred921 Words   |  4 PagesThe denotation of the term hatred is intense dislike or ill will (Oxford). Commonly, the word is used to describe a dislike for an object or place. But, often times, it is used as an emotion or feeling. Therefore, it is often misunderstood that individuals simply do not care for or like whoever is receiving the punishment. On the contrary, when discussing the term as a feeling, hatred is a secondary emotion closely related to love or admiration. While they seem to be opposites, the extreme emotionsRead More James Baldwins Life in Notes of a Native Son Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pages Cycles of Hatred James Baldwin lived during an extremely tumultuous time where hatred ruled the country. Race riots, beatings, and injustice flooded the cities that he, as well as most African Americans, was forced to live with every day. Many people, out of fright, suppressed their opposition to the blatant inequalities of the nation. However, some people refused to let themselves be put down solely because of their skin color and so they publicly announced their opposition. Read MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s The Great Gatsby 913 Words   |  4 PagesWhen individuals’ hold hatred in their minds, they will be more aggressive to others, especially to the higher level authority. In James Baldwin’s story, he is not happy with the white people’s power. He is full of the hatred. When he purposely went to the â€Å"non-colour† restaurant, he tries to challenge the higher levels. Baldwin writes, â€Å"I pretended not to have understood her, hoping to draw her closer †¦ I realized that she would never come any closer and that I would have to strike from a distanceRead More The Tower Pig Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages What happens when in spite of all odds, foe becomes friend? What happens, when an infinite and unending chasm between individuals is filled, and a void of mistrust, hatred and prejudice is replaced with more noble values, such as understanding and a sense of mutual respect? These are among the themes in the American short story, â€Å"The Tower Pig.† The story is set behind, and outside, the walls of the Thomaston Penitentiary in present day America. The story essentially revolves around a young man

Acid Rain (1229 words) Essay Example For Students

Acid Rain (1229 words) Essay Acid RainPollution comes in various forms. Whether its toxic waste, CFCs, orsewage, they are all hazardous, to the earth. These can deplete the earth andits inhabitants of resources, causing a harmful change. A product ofpollution is acid rain. We shall see that acidification is harmful to all formsof life. Acid rain is any form of precipitation that is polluted by sulphurdioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). This acid precipitation can be in theform of rain, snow, sleet, fog, or cloud vapors. The acidity of substancesdissolved in water are measured by their pH levels. Normal precipitation pHlevels fall between 5.0-5.6.2 When levels fall below these numbers, then theprecipitation is said to be acidic. There are two ways in which acid depositioncan form. The first way occurs when nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide land onthe Earths surface, and interact with frost or dew. The second way takesplace due to the oxidation of nitrogen oxides or sulphur dioxide gases that arereleased i nto the air.3 Since it may take up to several days for the gases to bealtered into their acid counter-parts, the pollutants can travel miles away fromtheir original source. Emissions of (SO2) are responsible for the majority ofthe acid deposition, which falls to Earth. When we burn coal, we are releasing(SO2), into the air, since coal is slight made up of sulphur. Volcanic eruptionscan add a great deal of sulphur into the atmosphere. Everyday organic decay addssulphur into the air as well. (SO2) can hit the Earths surface in dry formsor wet forms, by undergoing the following reactions: (SO2 + H20 *** H2SO3) (SO2+ ?O2 *** SO3 + H2SO4)2 Human activity is the major cause for nitrogenoxides presence in our atmosphere, such as forest fires and the combustion ofoil, coal, and gas. The other causes are due to nature. Lightning, volcanicaction, and bacteria in soil are just to name a few. The following chemicalreactions show how acids of nitrogen form: (NO2 + ?O2 *** NO2) (2NO2 + H2O ***HNO 2 + HNO3) (NO2 + OH *** HNO3)2 Acid rain can affect plant life directly whenthe surface of leaves and needles come into contact with acid vapor or fog. Thiscauses a reduction in the trees ability to withstand the cold. A directresult would be the trees incapability of reproduction. It can also harm plantlife indirectly, by the acidification of soils. Acid rain can cause soil toloose nutrients such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium. In very acidconditions, aluminum becomes soluble, and is released from the soil. At highenough concentrations, aluminum can cause damage to roots. Acid rain causes anutrient imbalance, in soil. Although it is true that nitrogen promotes forestgrowth, plant life also needs other nutrients. Precipitation polluted bynitrogen can contain heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, and lead. Thisprocess is known as nitrogen saturation.1 These too, can cause damage to treeroots. Besides trees, plants are also affected by acid rain. Reductions in pHlevels can cau se seed germination to be inhibited. Plant structures become weak,due to the loss of nutrients to the plants tissues.4 Flowering of certainplants may not occur due to lack of essential minerals. Marine life is alsogreatly affect by acid rain. Acid water can leach high levels of aluminum fromthe bedrock. Rocks that contain great amounts of calcium or magnesium can act asa neutralizer. Those rocks and soils that lack some sort of buffers can causegrave damage to marine fish and plants. There are two ways in which aluminum canharm aquatic environments. It can cause a fish to suffocate, because aluminumprecipitates in gills, thus interfering in the transport of oxygen. Secondly,fish produce mucus to combat the aluminum, in their gills. The mucus then buildsup a clogs the fishs gills.5 In middle latitudes many bodies of waterexperience what is called acid shock.4 Over the winter acid deposits canbuild up on snow. As the snow melts, the acids are released. Most fish cansurvive shock, but their eggs cannot adapt to acidification. When there is achange in the chemistry of water, the ecology of the water begins to change. Thenumber and variety of species are altered. At a pH level of 6.0 certain types ofzooplankton and green algae begin to disappear. The loss of green plants allowsmore UV light to penetrate to further depths, so certain types of snails andphyto-plankton disappear. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are also affected byacid rain.5 The low pH stunts their growth. Not only does acid rain killspecies, but also it alters the food supply for higher fauna. If there is adecrease in the number of bottom dwelling organisms (benthos), there can be adecline in the number of insects, such as mosquitoes and flies. This puts astress on carnivorous fish. Birds that eat these fish, which may contain highlevels of aluminum, will then produce eggs with soft-shells. Their young willmost likely not survive. Humans are not immune to the effects of acid rain. .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .postImageUrl , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:hover , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:visited , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:active { border:0!important; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:active , .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1 .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63cd677701f23dcfc979d943a88c80c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Histories Maladies Essay We will write a custom essay on Acid Rain (1229 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People that are exposed to high concentrations of acidic pollution are known tohave respiratory problems. SO2 can react with water vapor to form fine particlesof sulphate. If inhaled, these particles can cause severe damage to lung tissue. The affect can be a simple cough or chest cold, or as dangerous as asthma orchronic bronchitis. Humans can consume aluminum by drinking water or eatingcrops that have contaminated by acid precipitation. If ingested in largequantities, it can have toxic effects on human health. Many doctors believe thataluminum consumption can lead to Alzheimers disease.1 We see the effects ofacidification everyday. All forms of acid precipitation may damage automotivecoatings. The damaged is mostly observed on newly painted vehicles. It is theevaporation of acidic moisture that causes the damage. Many headstones andbuildings and statues, such as the Statue of Liberty, are affected in the sameway. Acid deposition can cause fading of these structures. Churches andcathedrals also suffer.3 The United States is trying to take care of thisproblem through environmental legislation. Title IV of the Clean Air ActAmendments of 1990, calls for a 10 million ton reduction in the number ofemissions of sulfur dioxi de.3 One way of reducing emissions is lowering theproduction of sulphate aerosol cans. Since this act was passed, hospitals havewitnessed a significantly lower number of cases of respiratory problems. Thereare other ways that we can alleviate the problems of acid deposition. A processknown as liming can increase the pH levels of bodies of water.2 Large quantitiesof hydrated lime are added to the water. The best way to solve the problemscaused by acid deposition is for industries to try to limit the emissions ofpollutants. There has been two ways in which industries have done this. Severalcompanies have switched to using fuels that have a low sulphur content. Otherindustries have used buffers on the tops of their smokestacks, to reduce theamount of (SO2) in the air.4 There is no way that we can totally eliminate aciddeposition. We as humans, are not the only creators of this problem. Over theyears, there has been an increase in the amount of annual precipitation. We canchange our way s of production to help decrease the amount of acid precipitation,but then that would be greatly affecting our way of life. More then the acidrain itself does. Just like the cycle of affects the acid rain has on aquaticand terrestrial systems, there is the same type of cycle viewed when it comes tohuman life.